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|place of consecration= |bishop 1=William Henry Francis|consecration date 1=October 3, 1916 |bishop 2=Carmel Henry Carfora|consecration date 2=October 4, 1916 |bishop 3=Stanislaus Mickiewicz|consecration date 3=1917 |sources=〔 }} Rodolphe Francois Ghislain de Lorraine de Landas Berghes St. Winock (November 1, 1873 - November 17, 1920), better known as Rudolph de Landas Berghes, was Regionary Bishop of Scotland of the Old Roman Catholic Western Orthodox Church and later Archbishop of the Old Roman Catholic Church of America. ==In Europe== Berghes was born in Naples,〔 〕 Kingdom of Italy. He was the "son of Count de Landas Bourgogne de Rache and Adelaide M. de Gramont-Hamilton."〔 He "lived most of his life in England."〔 "He claimed to have succeeded in 1907, to prince dukedom, of de Berghes, on letters approved by" King Leopold II of Belgium and Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria, according to his obituary in the Philadelphia ''Evening Public Ledger''.〔 But his name was not found in ''Almanach de Gotha'' which began to list "Berghes-Saint-Winock" as an "extinct house" in 1908.〔 Compare with 〕〔 〕 Philip Frederick Cunliffe-Owen, a "chronicler of nobility",〔 "in one of his newspaper articles, said that if" Berghes' name "was his right one he was a prince; but he could not be a prince, because the line of succession to the title passed in 1907."〔 He said that he was raised as a Protestant.〔 He was educated at Eton College and the universities of Cambridge, Paris and Brussels. He completed courses in law, theology and military tactics. He said that at Cambridge, he became a supporter of the high church and became interested in Anglo-Catholicism.〔 He said that to avert this, his mother made him transfer to the Faculty of Protestant Theology at the University of Paris.〔 According to ''The New York Times'', he "described himself as" an "ex-staff officer of the British Army, with the rank of Captain."〔 According to his obituary, he "declared in statements after his arrival at Villanova that he had seen service under" Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, both in Sudan and in Egypt.〔 Cunliffe-Owen asserted that Berghes also claimed service under Kitchener in the Second Boer War.〔 Berghes claimed, according to his obituary, that he attained "the rank of lieutenant colonel before leaving the army".〔 Cunliffe-Owen "asserted that if" Berghes "was in the British Army he must have been under some other name," because the "army lists," Cunliffe-Owen "alleged, do not contain a name similar to his."〔〔 He said that later, he joined the Church of England and received orders there but the question of the validity of his orders bothered him.〔 It was for this reason that he joined the Old Catholic Church.〔 He joined the Old Catholic Church in 1910. According to Peter Anson, in ''Wandering Bishops'', either Baroness Natalie Uxkull-Gyllenband or Olga Novikov introduced Berghes to Arnold Harris Mathew, a controversial figure who was consecrated in 1908 by Union of Utrecht (UU) bishops as a regionary bishop but ignored rules and seceded from the in 1910.〔 According to Cunliffe-Owen, Berghes left England in 1912.〔〔 But Mathew ordained Berghes in a private oratory in November, 1912, in Bedford Park, London,〔 and consecrated him in June, 1913, as Mathew's regionary bishop of Scotland.〔 Notably, months before Berghes' consecration, a London jury found that "the words were true in substance and in fact" that Mathew was, among other things, a "pseudo-bishop",〔 〕 and, months after Berghes' consecration, according to Peter-Ben Smit, in ''Old Catholic and Philippine Independent Ecclesiologies in History'', "ties of the with Mathew were formally severed."〔 〕 When, according to Anson, "they issued a formal statement that () Mathew had ceased to be an Old Catholic on December 29, 1910, and that after that date they recognized none of his episcopal actions."〔 He was, according to Anson, "an Austro-Hungarian subject" who was liable to capture and internment "as an enemy alien" for the duration of the war, so "with the connivance of the Foreign Office" Berghes left, two years later then Cunliffe-Owen asserted, in September, 1914,〔 the same month "the Directorate of Prisoners of War had come into existence under the War Office" to implemented the internment policy of the British government.〔 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rudolph de Landas Berghes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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